Stadium guides
Where to park, when the lots open, what's allowed and where the real party is. Each guide shows when its rules were last checked against official sources.
Featured guide
Tailgating at Ryan Field
Northwestern's tailgate lives inside the gate now, because the lots at the new Ryan Field are pass-only and the neighborhood around it is residential with a parking ban.
Read the guide : Ryan FieldMost popular stadiums
MAC · Ball State Cardinals
Tailgating at Scheumann Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Big Ten · Indiana Hoosiers
Tailgating at Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
NFC East · Philadelphia Eagles
Tailgating at Lincoln Financial Field
Rules verified Oct 29
ACC · North Carolina Tar Heels
Tailgating at Kenan Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Big Ten · UCLA Bruins
Tailgating at Rose Bowl Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
NFC East · Dallas Cowboys
Tailgating at AT&T Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
SEC · Kentucky Wildcats
Tailgating at Kroger Field
Rules verified Oct 29
NFC North · Green Bay Packers
Tailgating at Lambeau Field
Rules verified Oct 28
Every NFL guide
All 32 teamsAFC East
New York Jets
Tailgating at MetLife Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
New England Patriots
Tailgating at Gillette Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Miami Dolphins
Tailgating at Hard Rock Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Buffalo Bills
Tailgating at Highmark Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
AFC North
Cleveland Browns
Tailgating at Huntington Bank Field
Rules verified Oct 14
Pittsburgh Steelers
Tailgating at Acrisure Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Cincinnati Bengals
Tailgating at Paycor Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Baltimore Ravens
Tailgating at M&T Bank Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
AFC South
Tennessee Titans
Tailgating at Nissan Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Jacksonville Jaguars
Tailgating at EverBank Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Indianapolis Colts
Tailgating at Lucas Oil Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Houston Texans
Tailgating at Reliant Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
AFC West
Las Vegas Raiders
Tailgating at Allegiant Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Los Angeles Chargers
Tailgating at SoFi Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Denver Broncos
Tailgating at Empower Field at Mile High
Rules verified Oct 14
Kansas City Chiefs
Tailgating at Arrowhead Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
NFC East
Philadelphia Eagles
Tailgating at Lincoln Financial Field
Rules verified Oct 29
New York Giants
Tailgating at MetLife Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Dallas Cowboys
Tailgating at AT&T Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Washington Commanders
Tailgating at Northwest Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
NFC North
Minnesota Vikings
Tailgating at U.S. Bank Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Green Bay Packers
Tailgating at Lambeau Field
Rules verified Oct 28
Detroit Lions
Tailgating at Ford Field
Rules verified Oct 14
Chicago Bears
Tailgating at Soldier Field
Rules verified Oct 14
NFC South
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Tailgating at Raymond James Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
New Orleans Saints
Tailgating at Caesars Superdome
Rules verified Oct 14
Carolina Panthers
Tailgating at Bank of America Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Atlanta Falcons
Tailgating at Mercedes-Benz Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
NFC West
Every college guide
141 stadiums so farSEC
Vanderbilt Commodores
Tailgating at FirstBank Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Missouri Tigers
Tailgating at Faurot Field
Rules verified Oct 14
Mississippi State Bulldogs
Tailgating at Davis Wade Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Kentucky Wildcats
Tailgating at Kroger Field
Rules verified Oct 29
Georgia Bulldogs
Tailgating at Sanford Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Texas Longhorns
Tailgating at DKR Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Tennessee Volunteers
Tailgating at Neyland Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Texas A&M Aggies
Tailgating at Kyle Field
Rules verified Oct 28
South Carolina Gamecocks
Tailgating at Williams-Brice Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Ole Miss Rebels
Tailgating at Vaught-Hemingway Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Oklahoma Sooners
Tailgating at Memorial Stadium (OU)
Rules verified Oct 14
LSU Tigers
Tailgating at Tiger Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Florida Gators
Tailgating at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Alabama Crimson Tide
Tailgating at Bryant-Denny Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Auburn Tigers
Tailgating at Jordan-Hare Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Arkansas Razorbacks
Tailgating at Razorback Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Big Ten
- Rutgers Scarlet Knights Tailgating at SHI Stadium Rules verified Oct 14
- Maryland Terrapins Tailgating at SECU Stadium Rules verified Oct 14
Purdue Boilermakers
Tailgating at Ross-Ade Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Indiana Hoosiers
Tailgating at Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Michigan State Spartans
Tailgating at Spartan Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Illinois Fighting Illini
Tailgating at Gies Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Northwestern Wildcats
Tailgating at Ryan Field
Rules verified Oct 28
Minnesota Golden Gophers
Tailgating at Huntington Bank Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
UCLA Bruins
Tailgating at Rose Bowl Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
USC Trojans
Tailgating at LA Memorial Coliseum
Rules verified Oct 14
Wisconsin Badgers
Tailgating at Camp Randall Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Washington Huskies
Tailgating at Husky Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Penn State Nittany Lions
Tailgating at Beaver Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Oregon Ducks
Tailgating at Autzen Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Ohio State Buckeyes
Tailgating at Ohio Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Nebraska Cornhuskers
Tailgating at Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Michigan Wolverines
Tailgating at Michigan Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Iowa Hawkeyes
Tailgating at Kinnick Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Big 12
Arizona State Sun Devils
Tailgating at Mountain America Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Arizona Wildcats
Tailgating at Casino Del Sol Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Kansas Jayhawks
Tailgating at Memorial Stadium (KU)
Rules verified Oct 29
Oklahoma State Cowboys
Tailgating at Boone Pickens Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Baylor Bears
Tailgating at McLane Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
TCU Horned Frogs
Tailgating at Amon G. Carter Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Texas Tech Red Raiders
Tailgating at Galaxy Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Houston Cougars
Tailgating at TDECU Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
UCF Knights
Tailgating at Acrisure Bounce House
Rules verified Oct 14
West Virginia Mountaineers
Tailgating at Milan Puskar Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Cincinnati Bearcats
Tailgating at Nippert Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Utah Utes
Tailgating at Rice-Eccles Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Kansas State Wildcats
Tailgating at Bill Snyder Family Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Iowa State Cyclones
Tailgating at Jack Trice Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Colorado Buffaloes
Tailgating at Folsom Field
Rules verified Oct 14
BYU Cougars
Tailgating at LaVell Edwards Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
ACC
SMU Mustangs
Tailgating at Gerald J. Ford Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Stanford Cardinal
Tailgating at Stanford Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Boston College Eagles
Tailgating at Alumni Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Syracuse Orange
Tailgating at JMA Wireless Dome
Rules verified Oct 14
Wake Forest Demon Deacons
Tailgating at Allegacy Financial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Duke Blue Devils
Tailgating at Wallace Wade Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Virginia Cavaliers
Tailgating at Scott Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
NC State Wolfpack
Tailgating at Carter-Finley Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
Tailgating at Bobby Dodd Stadium
Rules verified Oct 28
Miami Hurricanes
Tailgating at Hard Rock Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Pitt Panthers
Tailgating at Acrisure Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
California Golden Bears
Tailgating at California Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Louisville Cardinals
Tailgating at L&N Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Virginia Tech Hokies
Tailgating at Lane Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
North Carolina Tar Heels
Tailgating at Kenan Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Florida State Seminoles
Tailgating at Doak Campbell Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Clemson Tigers
Tailgating at Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Independent
UConn Huskies
Tailgating at Pratt & Whitney Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Notre Dame Fighting Irish
Tailgating at Notre Dame Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Pac-12
Texas State Bobcats
Tailgating at UFCU Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Utah State Aggies
Tailgating at Maverik Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
San Diego State Aztecs
Tailgating at Snapdragon Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Colorado State Rams
Tailgating at Canvas Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Fresno State Bulldogs
Tailgating at Valley Children's Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Boise State Broncos
Tailgating at Albertsons Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Washington State Cougars
Tailgating at Martin Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Oregon State Beavers
Tailgating at Reser Stadium
Rules verified Oct 14
Mountain West
UTEP Miners
Tailgating at Sun Bowl Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
NIU Huskies
Tailgating at Huskie Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Wyoming Cowboys
Tailgating at War Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
UNLV Rebels
Tailgating at Allegiant Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
San José State Spartans
Tailgating at CEFCU Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
New Mexico Lobos
Tailgating at University Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Nevada Wolf Pack
Tailgating at Mackay Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Hawaii Rainbow Warriors
Tailgating at Ching Complex
Rules verified Oct 15
Air Force Falcons
Tailgating at Falcon Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Conference USA
Missouri State Bears
Tailgating at Robert W. Plaster Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Delaware Fightin' Blue Hens
Tailgating at Delaware Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
FIU Panthers
Tailgating at Pitbull Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Sam Houston Bearkats
Tailgating at Bowers Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
NM State Aggies
Tailgating at Aggie Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
WKU Hilltoppers
Tailgating at Houchens-Smith Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders
Tailgating at Johnny "Red" Floyd Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Kennesaw State Owls
Tailgating at Fifth Third Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Jax State Gamecocks
Tailgating at AmFirst Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Liberty Flames
Tailgating at Williams Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Sun Belt
Louisiana Tech Bulldogs
Tailgating at Joe Aillet Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
South Alabama Jaguars
Tailgating at Hancock Whitney Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
ULM Warhawks
Tailgating at FMOL Health St. Francis Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns
Tailgating at Our Lady of Lourdes Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Arkansas State Red Wolves
Tailgating at Centennial Bank Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Troy Trojans
Tailgating at Veterans Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Old Dominion Monarchs
Tailgating at S.B. Ballard Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Georgia State Panthers
Tailgating at Center Parc Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Coastal Carolina Chanticleers
Tailgating at Brooks Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Southern Miss Golden Eagles
Tailgating at M.M. Roberts Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Marshall Thundering Herd
Tailgating at Joan C. Edwards Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
JMU Dukes
Tailgating at Bridgeforth Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
App State Mountaineers
Tailgating at Kidd Brewer Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
MAC
UMass Minutemen
Tailgating at McGuirk Alumni Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Western Michigan Broncos
Tailgating at Waldo Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Eastern Michigan Eagles
Tailgating at Rynearson Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Central Michigan Chippewas
Tailgating at Kelly/Shorts Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Ball State Cardinals
Tailgating at Scheumann Stadium
Rules verified Oct 29
Ohio Bobcats
Tailgating at Peden Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Miami RedHawks
Tailgating at Yager Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Kent State Golden Flashes
Tailgating at Dix Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Buffalo Bulls
Tailgating at Broadview Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Bowling Green Falcons
Tailgating at Doyt L. Perry Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Akron Zips
Tailgating at InfoCision Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Toledo Rockets
Tailgating at Glass Bowl
Rules verified Oct 15
American
ECU Pirates
Tailgating at Dowdy-Ficklen Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
FAU Owls
Tailgating at Flagler Credit Union Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Charlotte 49ers
Tailgating at Jerry Richardson Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Temple Owls
Tailgating at Lincoln Financial Field
Rules verified Oct 15
UAB Blazers
Tailgating at Protective Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Tulsa Golden Hurricane
Tailgating at H.A. Chapman Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
North Texas Mean Green
Tailgating at DATCU Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Rice Owls
Tailgating at First Community Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
UTSA Roadrunners
Tailgating at Alamodome
Rules verified Oct 15
USF Bulls
Tailgating at Raymond James Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Tulane Green Wave
Tailgating at Yulman Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Memphis Tigers
Tailgating at Simmons Bank Liberty Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Navy Midshipmen
Tailgating at Navy-Marine Corps Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Army Black Knights
Tailgating at Michie Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
SWAC
Prairie View A&M Panthers
Tailgating at Panther Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Grambling State Tigers
Tailgating at Eddie Robinson Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Southern University Jaguars
Tailgating at A.W. Mumford Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
Jackson State Tigers
Tailgating at Veterans Memorial (Jackson)
Rules verified Oct 15
Alabama State Hornets
Tailgating at ASU Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
FAMU Rattlers
Tailgating at Bragg Memorial Stadium
Rules verified Oct 15
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Photo credits (117)
Stadium photos, cropped: Quintin Soloviev / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Greenstrat / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Xnatedawgx / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Spatms / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Tony Webster / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0; Greenstrat / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Ken Lund / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0; Dicklyon / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Lanski / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; LuckyJ008 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Carol M. Highsmith / Library of Congress, public domain; Szeremeta / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Evill72 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; Larry D. Moore / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Nkyleft / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Raider ATO at English Wikipedia / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Thomson200 / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; MSwierenga / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Eastern sid / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; PureMichiganChip / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Temathews1 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Dan Keck / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Ken Lund / Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0; JonRidinger / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; Quintin Soloviev / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Mbrickn / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Sleepydre / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; LCARK / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Kreeder13 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Southernkeith / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; PCN02WPS / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Suttonyoung1 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Jerseydem / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; Ml92399 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Famartin / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; terrymccombs / Flickr (via Openverse), CC0; Chippothenut / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0; Michael Barera / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Billy Hathorn / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0; Joe Furr / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Michael Rivera / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Cmadler / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Youngamerican / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; Porsche997SBS / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Trevorrrrvalent / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Ajay Suresh / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; MDGovpics / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0; ajay_suresh / Wikimedia Commons (via Flickr), CC BY 4.0; Senior Airman Ty Pilgrim, U.S. Air Force / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Ken Lund / Flickr (via Openverse), CC BY-SA 2.0; Ken Lund / Wikimedia Commons (via Flickr), CC BY-SA 2.0; Beyond My Ken / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Kuwxman / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; thecollegerag / Flickr, CC BY 2.0; Oruiz1213 / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Adam53Rick / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Thomson M / Wikimedia Commons (via Panoramio), CC BY 3.0; Kiran891 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; User:B / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; SMaloney / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 3.0; JJonahJackalope / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Benoît Prieur / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Cbaile19 / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; ajay_suresh / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Ser Amantio di Nicolao / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Lectrician2 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Tails Wx / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Rybkovich / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Candycaneman / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Ted Eytan / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0; Warren LeMay / Flickr, CC BY-SA 2.0; NASA/GRC/Jordan Cochran / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain; Spicypepper999 / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Dllu / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Rick C / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0; Beneathtimp / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; CramBetter.com / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; BullDawg2021 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Oldag07 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Idibri / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0; Dough4872 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0 (cropped, plates blurred); Gary Halvorson, Oregon State Archives / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Another Believer / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; Fredlyfish4 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Vacatio / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Eccekevin / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Daniel Foster / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0; Dawson Wagner / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Alex Hanson / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0; MediaGuy768 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Ernie Stephens / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Jesse James / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Jsimps8174 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; DXR / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; AuburnPilot / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Brandonrush / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Devin Morris / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Runner1928 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0; SounderBruce / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Ron Reiring / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0; Thecoolone1223 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Kenneth C. Zirkel / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Glimmergloss / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; August Schwerdfeger / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; Eisenthesky Productions / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Tomás Del Coro / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0; Troutfarm27 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Carol M. Highsmith / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain; Randall Chancellor / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 2.0; Carol M. Highsmith Archive, Library of Congress / Wikimedia Commons, Public domain; Lanskeith17 / Wikimedia Commons, public domain; Moses8910 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Precisionviews / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Dekema / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Gatorfan252525 / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0; Dissident93 / Wikimedia Commons, CC0; Ichabod / Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 3.0.










































































































































































